The Art of Heraldry essays

The Art of Heraldry papers Marvin Pakula characterized heraldry as, The specialty of masterminding and clarifying in appropriate terms all that relates or relates to the orientation of arms, peaks, quarterings, and other inherited signs of respect (18). The components of peaks, protective caps, shields, and maxims comprise the crest or heraldic gadget. From the beginning of time, heraldry has advanced in its capacity as a need of fight and social progressive system, image of respect, and association with ancestry. The study of heraldry isn't notable and disparaged in its significance in the Middle Ages. The starting point of the heraldic gadget, normally known as the emblem, goes back to the mid 1100s. The need for recognizable proof in fights and competitions of the Middle Ages incited the making of heraldry. As strategies and techniques of fighting developed, a lot of knights bodies got secured by an assortment of protective layer. This acquainted the issue of how with perceive the adversary (Wilkinson 19). A composed framework was expected to dispose of this circumstance and therefore, the utilization of heraldic gadgets started. This separation associated partners since pioneers fused their partners arms into their own. It underlined their help for each other and cautioned adversaries of their relations. Heraldry was additionally a need for competitions. Competition candidates wore particular symbol on their shields like current competitors wearing group hues and numbers. Visit competition victors came to be perceived by their escutcheon. In light of their prosperity, groups of the victors showed the arms as an indication of achievement. As indicated by research done at Central European University, Ambitious knights went around Europe battling in competitions and in doing so assisted with spreading the utilizations and shows of heraldry across Europe (Self-Representation in Heraldry). In the long run, competitions required the utilization of a her... <!

The Sichuan Earthquake In 2008 Environmental Sciences Essay

The Sichuan Earthquake In 2008 Environmental Sciences Essay On the evening of the twelfth of May 2008, a compromising 8.0-size of seismic tremor happened on the Northwest of Chengdu, Sichuan and Southwest of Beijing in China. The China Official expressed that 69,227 individuals were affirmed dead, 68,636people were in Sichuan region and 374,176 individuals were harmed with 18,222people were missing. The seismic tremor caused about 5â million individuals destitute. An estimation of 5.36 million structures fallen and in excess of 21 million structures were harmed in Sichuan, Chongqing, Gansu, Hubei, Shaanxi and Yunnan were a piece of the influenced region. The absolute financial misfortune was assessed 86 billion US dollars. The most influenced territory like Beichuan, Dujiangyan, Wuolong and Yingxiu were totally devastated. This Sichuan quake is the most dazzling seismic tremor occurred in China since the Tangshan quake in 1976 which murdered at any rate 240,000â people. The streets, railroads and structures were harmed and annihilated via avalanches and rock falls which were framed by the quake, the landside made in excess of 34 boundary lakes which scared around 700,000 individuals at downstream to clear. The street access to the area of Chengdu was cut off for various days. The correspondences of the whole city were nearly destitute down. The salvage groups needed to continue to the scene for over 3 days by foot. A while later, the bad dream wasnt finished. The consequential convulsions was as yet kept on hitting the territory, some of them outperformed 6 extents that caused more casualties and harms lost. Despite the enormous passing rate in this tremor, questions and voices raised around a huge number of the underlying shakes casualties were youngsters covered in terribly constructed schools. Indeed, even the administration foundation building like emergency clinics, schools and processing plants were totally crumpled in a few distinct regions around Sichuan. It was addressed by the guardians of kids and the media, how thoroughly the China has been upheld the structures code during this century. Thusly, the focal administration of China pronounced on it would utilize 1 trillion Renminbi (around $146.5 billion) in the coming three years to recreate territories assaulted after the seismic tremor. Outcome OF THE EARTHQUAKE Wellbeing and Pollution The medical issue in influenced regions is horrible, mostly because of the absence of clean water, bringing about casualties fouling and trash is all over the place. What's more, fires, gas holes and water contamination are the ecological issue after the Sichuan seismic tremor. Correspondence All correspondence in Sichuan, Chongqing, Hubei and different spots is hindered by the seismic tremor, the three areas of open interchanges arrange framework was seriously harmed. Because of the abrupt expanded in interchanges, the utilization of nearby significant distance phone in Sichuan has ascended to in excess of multiple times, PDA get rate dropped to half of the normal. Sichuan Aba territory of around 200 base station organize loss of motion; Chengdu correspondences arrange is luckily ordinary, however organize is occupied, voice message is multiple times of regular and the SMS is multiple times of common that subsequent in blockage and SMS correspondence delay. Traffic  Road harmed by the quake which influenced the avionics, Chengdu International Airport shut down following the seismic tremor. Railroads, the Baoji-Chengdu Railway and Chengdu-Kunming rail route line augmentation and the related different fallen. Expressways, the seismic tremor caused avalanches, torrential slides and other auxiliary fiascos which coming about the streets in the hazardous situations and the foundation seriously harmed and gigantic misfortune. Landform and Water Seismic tremor caused the breakdown of the Minjiang River and zones of scene change that initiated countless optional mountain dangers, fundamentally avalanches, flotsam and jetsam stream, and so on., in the dynamic phase of auxiliary debacles after the quake, avalanche dynamic avalanche will proceed of 5-10 years, the dynamic garbage stream will proceed of 10-20 years. Likewise, the quake in Wenchuan, Beichuan and different territories framed 34 boundary lakes; and the Tangjiashan Barrier Lake is the most risky one. Nature The homes of Wolong goliath panda in Sichuan were obliterated by the tremor mountain breakdown, avalanche, garbage stream and land subsidence. Sichuan, Shaanxi, Gansu Province biological systems are harmed in huge zone, uncovered soil, streams blocked and geomorphology changed that influenced the water preservation work, soil protection capacity and biodiversity support capacity to genuine danger. Fund and Industry After the quake, the Agricultural Development Bank in Beichuan County branch is influenced, the Shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen Stock Exchange can't contact the recorded organization of Sichuan and Chongqing, and chose to suspend the 66 recorded organizations of the two nations. The protection business, because of the sum guaranteed and the protection is low, after the tremor, the hazardous situation is paid just $1.806 billion by the protection business. For Industry, the influenced mechanical ventures in Sichuan, Gansu and Shaanxi regions arrived at 17,923companies. The direct monetary misfortune is $104.87 billion and other financial misfortune is about $83 billion. Exercise learned The quake occurred in Sichuan, it took scarcely any days to get a handle on all the harms and number of loss included. All media transmission was cut off, streets and scaffolds were wrecked by seismic tremor. Salvage group required to continue to the influenced zone by moving up mountains and intersection waterways by foot which caused a genuine deferral for the primary reaction of the calamity. In this debacle, more than 90 % of losses were executed by fallen structures. Most harmed structures couldn't continue the stun of the seismic tremor, even the administration establishment building. It clearly demonstrated that the construction law may not be upon standard or the requirement activity didn't carefully consent by the neighborhood government. Presenting least security norms for new structure development can to a great extent decrease the hazard from future seismic tremors. Specifically, upgrades in the structure and development of strengthened solid edge structures with block in fill, so as to lessen the expansion in chance. Besides, the urban arranging in tremor inclined districts can be improved by fortify the structures become more differcuit to crumple when they are shuddered by quakes. Taking into account the harms were unreasonably enormous for nearby government to adapt to and clinical participation was not viable enough to protect the losses in the brilliant time. All things considered, the Emergency Response Plans ought to be perceived that for the initial a few hours after a seismic tremor, the primary reaction is going to originate from the nearby networks. Henceforth, preparing programs including nearby volunteers are essential to lessen the existence misfortune from a quake. A forceful arranging and preparing in schools ought to be completed by kids recognizing what to do when the shaking started. Drills ought to be attempted to test the crisis reaction plans and keep them current regarding evolving conditions. Legislative foundations and common society associations ought to acknowledge approaches and create programs for genius dynamic readiness and moderation as opposed to being worries by reaction as it were. Mindfulness programs, preventive activities and long haul moderation arrangements will bring about increasingly capable and skilled establishments, progressively connected with networks and a progressively mindful common society. Urban hazard decrease must be seen as an organization between the administration and its citizenship. Absence of systematical salvage techniques were likewise noted in this debacle. A Government Logistic Center ought to be set up, so as to accumulate all the assets, supporting from Nation Wide Agency, Medical Supporting Team and Voluntary Rescue group from other nation. In any case, the Government calamity plan ought to be created to recognize the assets that can react to debacle right away. These assets incorporate both the human potential just as the accessibility of substantial hardware, which obstructed the prompt mediation of search and salvage on influenced regions. Perform essential computations to gauge the effect of the Sichuan tremor Top 10 most significant Earthquake (seismic action) debacles for the period 1900 to 2010 Nation Date No Total Affected China P Rep, Earthquake (ground shaking) 12/05/2008 45976596 India, Earthquake (ground shaking) 21/08/1988 20003766 India, Earthquake (ground shaking) 26/01/2001 6321812 Pakistan, Earthquake (ground shaking) 8/10/2005 5128000 China P Rep, Earthquake (ground shaking) 3/02/1996 5077795 Guatemala, Earthquake (ground shaking) 4/02/1976 4993000 Haiti, Earthquake (ground shaking) 12/01/2010 3700000 Peru, Earthquake (ground shaking) 31/05/1970 3216240 Indonesia, Earthquake (ground shaking) 27/05/2006 3177923 China P Rep, Earthquake (ground shaking) 1/11/1999 3020004 Source: EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database www.em-dat.net Universitã © Catholique de Louvain Brussels Belgium Seismic tremor relies upon what kind it is given by the locale, if the quake happened in inadequately populated regions which death toll and property with next to zero. Be that as it may, if the seismic tremor happened is a cutting edge city, there will bring about lives and property extraordinary misfortune. Notwithstanding the monetary estimation of material harm, the seismic tremor ought to be considered because of immediate and roundabout financial outcomes, for example, urban and country movement, creation interference, wellbeing and other social administrations brief to give regularly. We can be seen from above table, the Sichuan seismic tremor have brought the tremendous ramifications for death toll and property. The quantity of all out influenced in the Sichuan seismic tremor are 45976596 which sway enormous than different nations. Correlation with catastrophic event in Eastern Asia in 2008 Dat

St. Perpetua and Felicity free essay sample

The perusing â€Å"The Passion of Saints Perpetua and Felicity† is about the narrative of how these two ladies, Perpetua and Felicity, were martyrized and slaughtered for being Christians. As per the perusing, Perpetua was a youthful and rich multi year-old mother of a youthful infant. Perpetua had found out about Christianity from Saturus, an elder, who additionally turned out to be a piece of the calvary. She turned into a detainee, joined by a few of her workers Felicity, Revocatus, Saturninus and Secundulus and furthermore Saturus. They were completely allowed the chance to abjure. Regardless, neither of them denied Jesus. They were all ready to bite the dust for their adoration for Jesus Christ. Perpetua’s father went to see her in jail more than once and implored her to deny Christ. He requested that her various occasions reexamine her Christian position as a result of the torment her passing will cause him and furthermore her infant, who was still â€Å"a youngster at the bosom. We will compose a custom article test on St. Perpetua and Felicity or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page † Perpetua never faltered. She revealed to her dad simply like â€Å"a vessel or pitcher can’t be called by some other name than that which it is,† she couldn’t call herself â€Å"nought other than that which I am, a Christian. † While in bondage, Perpetua kept in touch with her journal in which she depicts the state of the jail, wherein she was set. She portrays the jail as a little, hot and dull put. She languished over not having her child close by, and requested that God invigorate her valor thus she can persevere through the physical discipline she would get for safeguarding her religion. In the end, they are at last moved, â€Å"for a couple hours,† to a greater and progressively lit spot. Perpetua was likewise ready to breastfeed her infant. Felicity was Perpetua’s slave. She was pregnant and as indicated by the law, no pregnant lady could be yielded. This could have been Felicity’s â€Å"free ticket† to abstain from being murdered. In any case, Felicity was as given as her lord. She likewise didn't retract and deny Christ. Felicity, Perpetua and the others appealed to God so she can have her infant and furthermore be yielded. In the long run, Perpetua, Felicity and four men who went with Perpetua were sent to the court and condemned to be murdered. The men were eaten up by mammoths. Perpetua and Felicity, then again, were condemned to be murdered by a savage dairy animals. They â€Å"were stripped and put on a net,† and despite the fact that the onlookers were prepared to see a slaughter, they didn't appreciate seeing the assortments of these two bare young ladies. Hence, Perpetua and Felicity â€Å"were got back to and dressed in free robes. † Perpetua was unobtrusive and despite the fact that she was being skewered by the savage dairy animals, she fixed her robe and hair. These two ladies wind up being executed. Indeed, even in their last snapshots of life, they were valiant and acceptors of their predetermination. Perpetua snatched the blade of her killer and put her legitimately to her neck, exhibiting to everyone that she settled on the correct choice by following her heart and her God. As a mother, I truly, don't figure I could abandon my youngsters, much the same as Perpetua did. Whenever she was allowed the chance to breastfeed her infant, she states she â€Å"became well and was helped of my work and care for the youngster. † When she had her infant close by, she even imagined that appalling jail as her own royal residence. In any case, there was never a second in Perpetua’s life when she questioned her destiny. She was eager to kick the bucket for Christ, regardless of whether that implied being separated from her family. She was happy to forfeit the chance to see her kid develop and turn into a grown-up. What a saint!

An Analysis of “A Time For Choosing”

A large number of watchers tuned into the National Broadcasting Company TV station for a unique communicate on the 27th of October. Watchers were envisioning Ronald Reagan’s â€Å"A Time for Choosing† discourse. Reagan was recognized for his acting in films and TV scenes since 1937, and was currently being found in a new job. Reagan developed on the side of the Republican candidate Barry Goldwater. Barry Morris Goldwater was a businessperson and five-term United States Senator from Arizona and the Republican Party's chosen one for president in the 1964 election.â€Å"A Time for Choosing† uses a plenty of talk: style, conveyance, sentiment, logos, ethos, and metaphors. His discourse was successful, in light of the fact that he utilized some of these logical procedures all through his discourse. In the start of his discourse, he utilizes a remarkable style to convey his discourse. He promptly begins with a reasonable and exact tone, anyway his arrangement of words demonstrates an awareness of concern. Reagan’s tone in this discourse is not kidding and compelling. He needs the crowd to comprehend his perspectives and how he feels about his ideas.He accepts that his thoughts are what will prop the nation up and that these convictions must be communicated to the crowds with expectations of being comprehended. For the crowd he gives them instances of how government obstruction harms Americans and furthermore implications to past occasions, for example, the upheaval and how the establishing fathers didn't need a major government. He shares that he has â€Å"an awkward inclination that this success isn’t something on which we base our expectations what's to come. † Reagan’s capacity to interface with his crowd was uncommon and dissimilar to huge numbers of his colleagues.Whether the points he talked on were constantly pertinent to that of the audience, it didn't generally make a difference. Reagan had increased solid tal king abilities while beforehand working in the acting business in this manner empowering him to all the more likely interface with his crowd. Reagan accepts that the nation is going off course and that America has a few difficulties at home and abroad. America’s government was in a financial emergency during the time this discourse was given. He realized the residents expected to hear something solid and incredible that guaranteed change for a superior method of life.â€Å"A Time for Choosing† was deliberative and educated and enlivened the crowd as well as gave America a cheerful wellspring of diversion. The style changes toward the finish of the discourse and sets up an idealistic expectation for what's to come. Reagan develops the case for Goldwater and states in his end sentence â€Å"We will remember and recollect that Barry Goldwater has confidence in us. He has confidence that you and I have the capacity and the pride and the option to settle on our own choices and decide our own destiny.†Reagan’s style communicates a reasonable worry for the future, yet an idealistic trust in change that he sees in Barry Goldwater. His rousing style encourages him to draw in with the American residents. â€Å"A Time For Choosing† was a genuinely long discourse about thirty minutes. Reagan conveyed his discourse without any recesses, no scene change or force guide introductions toward break the dreariness of a long discourse; one may consider how somebody can hold the consideration of a group of people for such an all-inclusive measure of time. Reagan accomplished this by making enthusiastic change inside the hearts and brains of his listeners.One minute he illuminates them that Kansas had been â€Å"declared a depressed† territory because of budgetary emergency, subsequently pulling on the audiences’ heartstrings. The following moment he has the crowd crying from giggling while at the same time disparaging the administra tion, saying, â€Å"When the administration lets you know you’re discouraged, rests and be discouraged. † Towards the finish of the discourse, Reagan utilizes redundancy to accentuate an association among himself and his crowd. In the last three passages of the discourse, Reagan utilizes â€Å"You and I† four times.The utilization of â€Å"You and I† causes the crowd to feel included and causes them to accept they have indistinguishable qualities and assessments from Reagan does. â€Å"You and I have a meeting with destiny† is maybe the most celebrated line from the discourse. Individuals are propelled by the discourse since Reagan gives the American individuals trust in their future and their children’s future. His utilization of redundancy passes on to us that we â€Å"have the capacity and the nobility and the option to settle on our own choices and decide our own destiny†.Repetition is an incredible explanatory procedure that Reag an practices toâ emphasize solidarity among the American individuals. Reagan saved his crowd enthusiastic for additional. He would uncover an issue or issue and afterward make an answer. Uncovering deficiencies inside the current government Reagan can break some portion of the â€Å"once believed† strong establishment of the U. S. government. He likewise uncovered how the undesirable quality and eagerness of the legislature is spilling into the psyches of other individual Americans. He states circumstances where people are taking edgy estimates, for example, separate, so as to acquire a more significant compensation so they can accommodate their families.Reagan discloses to us that there are ways around one or the other these issues are not individual but rather aggregate. Reagan utilizes feeling when he makes reference to the ongoing heightening in Vietnam. He stated, â€Å"As for the harmony that we would safeguard, I wonder who among us might want to move toward the spou se or mother whose husband or child has kicked the bucket in South Vietnam and inquire as to whether they think this is a harmony that ought to be looked after inconclusively. Do they mean harmony, or do they mean we simply need to be left in harmony? † Reagan utilizes this account of the grieving mother and spouse to relate the danger of socialism to the presence of freedom.He proceeds to state â€Å"there can be no genuine harmony while one American is kicking the bucket some spot on the planet for the remainder of us†. Reagan successfully interfaces our requirement for an interventionist international strategy that will challenge socialism anyplace it exists on the planet so as to accomplish harmony through an enthusiastic story. The crowd will respond emphatically to the enthusiastic story since they can sympathetically associate with the battles of our nation’s military families. Reagan’s utilization of poignancy permits him to associate with his crow d. It causes them to comprehend that he has indistinguishable worries about international strategy from normal Americans.â€Å"There is no establishment like the stone of trustworthiness and decency, and when you start to assemble your life on that rock, with the concrete of the confidence in God that you have a genuine beginning. † He delineates the picture of a man who needs to see his child succeed, something that most guardians share. Reagan utilizes logos to contend for financial conservatism. Reagan makes a sound judgment contention about the financial truth of our nation’s monetary arrangement through a blend of realities, figures, and thinking. Reagan utilizes logos, so as to illuminate Americans regarding the shameful acts set out by the current government.By expressing straight realities and rationale, for example, â€Å"We’ve raised our obligation limit multiple times over the most recent a year, and now our national obligation is one and a half time s greater than all the consolidated obligations of the considerable number of countries of the world. † He expresses that â€Å"our government keeps on burning through 17 million dollars every day more than the administration takes in. We haven't adjusted our spending 28 of the last 34 years†¦. what's more, presently our national obligation is one and a half times greater than all the consolidated obligations of the considerable number of countries of the world†. Through good judgment and realities, individuals obviously recognize that our nation’s monetary approach is unsustainable.Reagan can adequately impart to the American individuals that the country is in desperate money related waterways. Reagan’s center around the issues causes him to appear to the individuals both sensible and canny. A powerful apparatus Regan uses to sell his capacity is his ethos offer. Unmistakably a principle objective of his discourse is to depict acceptable character. W ith direct portrayal, strict and moral references, or an undeniable tone tossed over an ethical proclamation, Regan utilizes this intrigue all through his discourse and he utilizes it well. A significant topic in this discourse engages a worry for the general course of the country as far as outside affairs.Regan gauges opportunity and security by looking at the freedom of the United States with â€Å"the subterranean insect stack of totalitarianism†. He does this to paint his majority rule rivals in a manner that proposes a penchant of shortcoming. This is as though to state that whenever chose, his adversaries would be bound to conciliate than protect against an infringing danger. While clarifying these conceivable outcomes, Regan utilizes a conspicuous manner of speaking to censure and connect the entirety of the negative perspectives he discloses to his adversary. This additionally stands to state that he could never fall back on such shortcoming, accordingly advancing him self as one of better character.Another fascinating variable than note is that he is attempting to manufacture a very much saw character in the interest of someone else. Since he is representing Barry Goldwater, his discourse is expected to be illustrative of two individuals related. He legitimately flaunts authenticity when he says â€Å"I’ve never known a man in my life I accepted so unequipped for doing a deceptive or disgraceful thing†. This announcement talks straightforwardly of Goldwater’s character yet in addition fills in as his very own impression. Reagan utilizes exaggeration to add some humor and giggling to his speech.He begins an individual story where he clarifies that â€Å"two companions of mine were conversing with a Cuban displaced person, a representative who had gotten away from Castro, and amidst the story one of my companions went to the next and stated, ‘We don't have the foggiest idea how fortunate we are. ’ And the Cuban

Human resource planning and recruitment strategies Research Paper

Human asset arranging and enlistment procedures - Research Paper Example Likewise, the adaptability changes that have been made have additionally been talked about. In conclusion, the enlistment choices and the progressions that are made have likewise been incorporated. An endeavor to give guides to every one of these circumstances has additionally been made to increase a superior point of view of the circumstance and to see how downturn has affected the organizations. Human asset arranging is the way toward guaranteeing that the opportune individual is at the correct activity at the perfect time. As indicated by Vetter, 1967, ‘the process by which the board decides how the association should move from its present labor position to its ideal position. Through arranging, the board endeavors to have the correct number and the correct sorts of individuals, at the correct spots, at the perfect time, doing things which bring about both the association and the individual accepting most extreme since quite a while ago run benefits’ (Jackson and Schuler, 1990). There have been a few organizations in the current financial condition who have rolled out a few improvements in the HR being utilized inside the organization to guarantee that there is no wastage of assets and better degrees of cost cutting too. In the current monetary condition with the degree of downturn expanding consistently, there are two principle see focuses, a) perspective of the workers, and their pay rates, and b) perspective of the businesses and ‘loaded’ work costs. Two of the organizations that have utilized the downturn as a reason for lay off incorporate, Citigroup, which has laid off an aggregate of 52,175 individuals, and General Motors which lay off a sum of 75,658 individuals (Kneale and Turchioe, 2009). The organizations did as such because of the expanding costs and requirement for cost cutting. Anyway in the drawn out the organizations don't consider the amount of these lay offs could cost them. In the hustle clamor of decreasing the costs, the organizations, for example Citigroup and General Motors have likewise laid off a few decent representatives who bring the organization a significant level of benefit. Over the long haul this could demonstrate to

the clock is ticking COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

the clock is ticking COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog were actively reviewing applications unfortunately, keeping you abreast of our daily activities was put on hold (not on purpose we lost track of what day it was ).   with hopes of releasing decisions beginning on march 18th, we are   identifying all the candidates who would be a great fit at SIPA and those who we have to unfortunately turn away this year. during our application review process, we are also evaluating candidates (who have applied by the fellowship deadline and those who have submitted the separate SIPA scholarship application) for a SIPA award/fellowship.   unfortunately, SIPA does not award as many fellowships to entering first year students as we do for our second year students.   you would think that with so little money to offer, the task of giving it away would be easy but in reality it only makes it that much tougher because we want to give money to so many qualified applicants.   so we only hope those we admit without funding will still come and make SIPA and new york their home for at least two years.   luckily, our second year funding is much larger so the opportunity to receive a second year award is that much greater.   in the meantime, you should also check out various external scholarship sites such as the one posted on the APSIA website. the review process continues stay tuned. and breathe.

Critical Analysis - 1925 Words

Critical Analysis (Research Paper Sample) Content:  Critical Analysis University Subject code: Lecturer’s Name Student ID Date submitted Introduction Ethical decision making has been a significant aspect in the continuity of the society, and learning institutions are no exception. Teachers have a wide scope of operations and decision making processes undertake, ranging from supervising the students’ progress, mentoring the students in their studies, and offering them moral support (Nash, 2002 p.35). The decision making process that should be undertaken should inculcate the moral aspect governing the operations across the learning institution. The school administration should have always devised strategies and processes that will ensure both the students and the teachers are safeguarded from harsh or harmful decision making that might be resorted to by the panel of decision makers (Hobson and Walsh, 1998 p.68). Learning institutions that consider ethical decision making process have minima l problems in regard to supervision of their duties and operations. Therefore, it is prudent for teachers to consider ethical behaviour when making a decision on the conduct of the students. In this essay, the case analysis of the ethical behaviour of Rachel in making a decision on the confidentiality of the students’ files will be assessed. Rachel ethical decision making is questionable given the fact that she exposes the students private information to third parties; although, not through a consent. Reflection on Rachel’s Decision With awareness and enlightenment among teachers and students in the education sector, teachers have resorted to re-evaluating their strategies and attitudes when undertaking their daily practices (Strike et al., 2005 p.109). Decision making process does not only rely on the principles and guidelines outlined by the institution, but on the moral aspect of the decision. The decision made should be acceptable by the majority of the society, and should conform to the legal consideration of the region. Rachel’s decision to access the files that contained the confidential information about the students was aimed at devising the right strategies for her to tackle the student’s financial needs. Although such information is always collected from students with a written consent that it would not be displayed to a third party, being one of the teachers of the institution gave her right to access the confidential information regarding the students (Hardy, 2009 p.89). Rachel should have consulted the other teachers or the special education departmental head in order to ascertain whether there was a need to carry the files to her premises. The ethical concept of confidentiality is critical to all the professionals regardless of ones affiliation in the academic arena (Zubay and Soltis, 2004 p.21). As such, teachers should ne concerned on the individuals who should be allowed to access the confidential information an d those who should be restricted. Carrying the files to Rachel’s premises was a mistake, as the information can easily be distorted or another person, other than Rachel, can use the files for his or her benefit. Though Rachel perceived that her decision was morally right, based on the circumstance that she was currently on, consulting the teachers and head of the department would have safeguarded her from unforeseen calamities. However, the intention of Rachel in removing the seven files was positive as she wanted to improve the students’ academic and social life. Private information should have always been secured in order to prevent them from being in the hands of manipulators or rowdy people in the society (Strike and Soltis, 2004 p.92). Following the breaking of Rachel’s car, it is evident that the private information of the students can be used for other selfish benefits; it will be to the detriment of the teacher, students, and the whole institution. Ra chel has breached confidentiality aspects between the student and the school administration. In that case, the student’s private information would be in the hands of strangers, and this would have an implication on the private life. Although the information about the lost files might not be revealed to the students, which is another unethical behaviour by the administration, the parents and students in the long run would understand the situation and as such have little or no trust to the teachers. Most of the people in the society are against revealing their private information to the public. They often entrust delicate information that might affect their way of living on specific people in the society, and the teachers are among them (Infantino and Wilke, 2009 p.19). Although poverty is not something that is new in the economy, and cannot be made private, some of the details about the extent of poverty of an individual should be highly privatized. In this case, the students, upon understanding that the information on their private is in the hands of a stranger, they will be stigmatized. They will be worried that such information would reach other students or friends in the society, and they will, eventually, be discriminated due to the low-social status. In the long-run, this will hamper their studies as they will lack concentration. Stigmatization will also be evident from the realization that their private information about their medical conditions was in the hands of the public. Having been assured of confidentiality, the students were willing to provide all the information concerning their medical conditions towards the school administration. They believed that the information would be secure in their teacher’s office, and even the other students would not have access to the other’s medical information. Some diseases or ailments are better when they remain private as it can cause adverse psychological trauma when they are made public . Unlike medical doctors and psychiatrists who have taken the oath when administering medication to the patients, the ‘strangers’ who have the stolen documents have no consideration for the privacy of the medical conditions of the students. They can easily redistribute the information to other parties. The other concern on the student is on their social security life. Such information may provide owners of the stolen documents with vital information about the students’ assets and security status. This may be used in performing raids on the premises of the students; therefore, jeopardizing their security and social life. Under such scenario, most of the students would resort changing the school as their privacy has been compromised (Macfarlane, 2003 p.56). It is important to note that not only will the situation adversely affect the students, but also Rachel, Principal and the whole school will be affected. The role of the teacher is to guide the students on their studies, and, only should she have to consult with the head of academic and counselling, when in need of accessing vital information about the students. Rachel will be faced with role specific obligations as she will be answerable to the students, the head of counselling and academic department, the principal, and the society. Rachel’s concern was to guide the students in their studies; though, it was morally right for her to understand the challenges facing the students. She was only allowed to do so by coercing with the relevant authorities; that is the counselling department. Consequently, the situation showed that there was disrespect of authority and the chain of command (Mackenzie and Mackenzie, 2010 p.121). Such revelation will make the students and the parents have minimal if no, respect on the teachers and the overall administration of the school. In a typical society and where rules are followed to the latter, access to confidential information and other sophist icated materials should be left to specific individuals in the institution. In the case of counselling and academic office, it is the head of that department that is accountable for information that gets out of the office. Such a situation would make the society and students question the credibility of the management of the school. The principal would be seen as lacking the administrative power to govern the activities of each department. Although it was the carelessness of Rachel that led to the disappearance of the files that contained confidential information of the students, it can be argued that it was the lack of necessary supervision and ethical consideration of situations that led to the unfortunate scenario (Mackenzie and Mackenzie, 2010 p.125). The school will have to compensate the students for the damages caused due to negligence of administration. It cannot be argued that it was morally right for Rachel to assess the social life and poverty level of her students before commencing her teaching as she should have done that at the safety of counselling and academic offices. It depends with the parents’ logical interpretation of the situation at hand; otherwise, the worst is expected (Strain and Robinson, 2005 p.86). The parents would not be happy when the information regarding their social and security status has been leaked to the public. They understand the implications such a situation would lead to, especially their security level. The school would see most of the students terminated their studies in search for reliable and trustworthy decision making institution. In the case where the institution knew that the information would not be well-safeguarded, then it would not have bothered to file such private information (Strain and Robinson, 2005 p.90). Rachel had a wide spectrum of alternative actions that she should have relied in obtaining informant from the students without necessarily relying on ‘sneaking’ the files to her car. One such strategy is through conducting private interview or personal assessment of the student. This will involve Rachel conducting ...

Analysis Of I Have A Dream Speech - 1199 Words

The year was 1963, as the chaos of segregation was unfolding in the Southern states, Governor George C. Wallace and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr, are at the forefront of the Civil Rights Movement. In the beginning of the year, Governor Wallace will be addressing his constituents with his well-known, â€Å"Segregation Now, Segregation Forever† speech. Nevertheless, it will be seven months later, that Dr. King will convey his message in his famous, â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech. Individually, they deliver historical speeches concerning civil rights, however, the dialogue encompasses completely different messages. Comparatively, the two speeches will be presented side by side using Kairos, Ethos, Logos, and Pathos. . With that in mind, these two†¦show more content†¦Dr. King and Governor Wallace, both use strong evidence to strengthen their credibility and appeal to Ethos. Governor Wallace attended the University of Alabama and graduated with a law degree, which soon after he joined the US Army Air Corp. and was involved in a combat mission over Japan. Upon returning, he became an Assistant States Attorney, and later a judge of the Third Judicial Circuit of Alabama. George C. Wallace, campaigned for the Governor’s seat in Alabama and much to his dismay, he lost to his opponent who was a segregationist. Be that as it may, four years later his decision was to run again, but this time he was endorsed by the Ku Klux Klan, who helped him obtain the Governorship. Martin Luther King Jr., was from a middle-class family with strong Baptist beliefs. Surprisingly, at the young age of 15, he attended Morehouse College and later enter Boston University. Dr. King obtained his pastoral and doctorate degrees, and appeared that he followed in the footsteps of his grandfather and father to become a Baptist Pastor. While living in Montgomery, Alabama, a small group of civil rights activists launched a boycott against the public bus system. Unbeknownst to Dr. King, the activist would choose him as the representative for their cause. This would launch the beginning of Dr. King’s ongoing struggle to end segregation. Logos, also known as logic will be used to compare theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of I Have A Dream Speech1152 Words   |  5 PagesThe major argument that is being portrayed in Martin Luther King Jr.’s â€Å"I Have A Dream† speech is all men and women should be treated equally, regardless of their skin color. Dr. King states, â€Å"When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that all men, yes, black men as well as white men, would be guaranteed the unalienableRead MoreI Have A Dream Speech Analysis1714 Words   |  7 Pagesuses words to provoke, calm, and inspire in his famous I Have a Dream speech. Using these words, he creates a connection with the audience, and he gained their trust. Cesar Chavez also gave a speech that provoked, calmed, and inspired the audience to come together and get ri d of pesticides because it is causing many diseases among adults, as well as children. He also mentions King many times to gain the audience’s trust. â€Å"I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out theRead MoreAnalysis Of I Have A Dream Speech758 Words   |  4 Pages delivered his â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech in 1963 to a divided and unjust nation. King’s tactful writing reached the entire nation, and his words resonated with everyone who heard them. His speech addressed the injustices and inequalities blacks face in America. â€Å"I Have a Dream† has gone down in history as one of the best speeches in modern history, received at a time of turmoil and racial tension. Therefore, King’s words have rung in the hearts of innumerable people, and his dreams and aspirationsRead MoreAnalysis Of I Have A Dream Speech1419 Words   |  6 PagesKennedy have the first televised debate, Mohamed Ali wins a gold medal and the Civil Rights Movement at its climax in America. As the chaos of segregation was unfolding in the Southern states, Governor George C. Wallace and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr, were at the forefront of the Civil Rights Movement. In the beginning of the year, Governor Wallace will address his constituents with his, â€Å"Segregation Now, Segregation Forever† speech and seven months later, Dr. King will deliver his famous, â€Å"I Have a Dream†Read MoreI Have A Dream Speech Analysis1154 Words   |  5 PagesMartin Luther King Jr.s impact of pathos throughout his speech has the impact of exploit the audience, empowered, determined, and grateful. Throughout his speech, his audience responds to him by applauding with agreement. Impact of Pathos Martin Luther King, Jr. uses attribute within the starting of his known, I actually have a Dream Speech, to realize the audience to feel as theyre fighting with several alternative known Americans, like the beginning Fathers and Abe Lincoln. Since, several AmericansRead MoreAnalysis Of I Have A Dream Speech937 Words   |  4 PagesMany people have different perspectives on hope. Some hope for a life full of happiness, being wealthy, or just being happy. Martin Luther King Jr. had hope, he had hope for equality and for everyone to be treated equal. In MLK’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech this is the most uplifting segment of it. King knows that his audience has suffered from injustice, so they must have faith that things will soon change. King also stresses in the speech about non-violent resistance, African American equality, actionRead MoreAnalysis Of I Have A Dream Speech1086 Words   |  5 PagesI am writing this letter to you in hopes of gaining insight on how to ha ndle the grave issues of racism and injustice that appear to be a curse upon our great country, the United States of America. Back then, you used your cogent words to penetrate into the minds of all those listening in hopes of uniting our nation, and erasing racial barriers along the way. You fought for peace and freedom using non-violence and preached equality to the people of this country. From your involvement in the firstRead MoreI Have A Dream Speech Analysis1441 Words   |  6 Pagesorder to procure its ultimate victory throughout the 1960s. From his civil rights-related endeavor, the â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech, given on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the â€Å"March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom† in 1963 (â€Å"March on Washington For Jobs and Freedom) arose. In his speech, he spoke about the injustice of segregation and discrimination of African Americans. His speech had a prodigious impact as it succeeded to illustrate the issue of racism a t the time and instigated theRead MoreI Have A Dream Speech Analysis847 Words   |  4 Pagesget along, but that isn’t what life really is. If you want something to change you don’t sit back and hope it will change you have to make it change. In the story Cairo: My City, Our Revolution, Ahdaf Soueif goes and fights for her country. In the speech I Have a Dream, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was influencing people to go and protest to get their rights and in the speech A Eulogy for Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Robert F. Kennedy influences people to change and do as Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. TheRead MoreAnalysis of I Have a Dream Speech1857 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"I Have A Dream† Martin Luther King Jr. On August 28, 1963, Martin Luther King Jr. gave a speech that electrified a nation. In Washington D.C, King delivered his speech on the steps of the Lincoln memorial and as his powerful voice echoed out across an audience of 200,000 people, echoes of the Gettysburg address could be heard as well as the Declaration of Independence and the Bible. It has been called â€Å"masterfully delivered and improvised sermon, bursting with biblical language and imagery.†The

Impact of Geography in Richard Russos Novels Essay

Richard Russo’s novels Empire Falls and Nobody’s Fool examine the relationships between individuals in a small town environment. In Empire Falls, Miles Roby and his family have stayed in Empire Falls for much of their life with no foreseeable change in the future. In Nobody’s Fool, Donald â€Å"Sully† Sullivan has lived in North Bath, NY since he was a child and seems to have deteriorated with the town. In both novels, the towns have declining economic prospects and the residents have little engagement with happenings outside their towns. The landlocked geography of Empire Falls, ME and North Bath, NY has a profound impact on each characters ability to evolve personally and intellectually. Empire Falls is located several hours from a major†¦show more content†¦Miles’s mother, while stuck in Empire Falls herself, dreams that her son defies the geographical trap of Empire Falls but is unable to realize this dream when she becomes stricken with cancer. Miles comes home with the promise of financial assistance for his mother from Francine Whiting, the resident who possesses the most capital in town. Mrs. Whiting â€Å"suggested that he would [run the Empire Grill] ‘for a year or so,’ and she would ensure Grace would get the care she needed. However, after his mother dies, Mrs. Whiting changed the bait, promising that he’ll inherit the grill upon her death. Now Miles is in his mother’s shoes: stuck in a small Maine town with few prospects† (Prager 256). In small geographical regions, proprietors like Francine are able to purchase large amounts of land and control entire areas. Miles falls victim to Francine who successfully controls him and the town. Francine also exerts influence over town police officer Jimmy Minty: â€Å"When people look at Jimmy, they see someone who reassures them that trying to escape the provincial life isnt worth the trouble. This is why he feels comfortable with most of the towns citizens and vice versa (Allen 259). Hypnotized by Francine Whiting’s powers, Jimmy acts as her henchman. The isolated nature of the town prevents the citizens from seeing the reality of the situation- a crooked cop who is stuck in Empire

10 Interesting Facts About Atoms

Everything in the world consists of atoms, so its good to know something about them. Here are 10 interesting and useful atom facts. There are three parts to an atom. Protons have a positive electrical charge and are found together with neutrons (no electrical charge) in the nucleus of each atom. Negatively charged electrons orbit the nucleus.Atoms are the smallest particles that make up elements. Each element contains a different number of protons. For example, all hydrogen atoms have one proton while all carbon atoms have six protons.  Some matter consists of one type of atom (e.g., gold), while other matter is made of atoms bonded together to form compounds (e.g., sodium chloride).Atoms are mostly empty space. The nucleus of an atom is extremely dense and contains nearly all of the mass of each atom. Electrons contribute very little mass to the atom (it takes 1,836 electrons to equal the size of a proton)  and orbit so far away from the nucleus that each atom is 99.9% empty space. If the atom was the size of a sports arena, the nucleus would be the size of a pea. Although the nucleus is much denser compared with the rest of the atom, it too consists mainly of empty space.​There are over 100 different kinds of atoms. About 92 of them occur naturally, while the remainder are made in labs. The first new atom made by man was technetium, which has 43 protons.  New atoms can be made by adding more protons to an atomic nucleus. However, these new atoms (elements) are unstable and decay into smaller atoms instantaneously. Usually, we only know a new atom was created by identifying the smaller atoms from this decay.The components of an atom are held together by three forces. Protons and neutrons are held together by the strong and weak nuclear forces. Electrical attraction holds electrons and protons. While electrical repulsion repels protons away from each other, the attracting nuclear force is much stronger than electrical repulsion. The strong force that binds together protons and neutrons is 1,038 times more powerful than gravity, but it acts over a very short range, so particles need to be very close to each other to feel its effect.The word atom comes from the Greek word for uncuttable or undivided. The name comes from the 5th century BCE Greek philosopher Democritus, who believed matter consisted of particles that could not be cut into smaller particles. For a long time, people believed atoms were the fundamental uncuttable unit of matter. While atoms are the building blocks of elements, that can be divided into still smaller particles. Also, nuclear fission and nuclear decay can break atoms into smaller atoms.Atoms are very small. The average atom is about one-tenth of a  billionth of a meter across. The largest atom (cesium) is approximately nine times bigger than the smallest atom (helium).Although atoms are the smallest unit of an element, they consist of even tinier particles called quarks and leptons. An electron is a lepton. Protons and neutrons consist of three quarks each.The most abundant type of atom in the universe is the hydrogen atom. Near ly 74% of the atoms in the Milky Way galaxy are hydrogen atoms.You have around 7 billion billion billion atoms in your body, yet you replace about 98% of them every year! Take an Atom Quiz

Lego Marketing Plan - 5478 Words

Letter of Transmittal [pic] 28th May 2011 Ms. Jessy LEGO Group, 28, Jalan Senget, 10350 Kuala Lumpur. Dear Ms. Jessy, Enclosed is a report detailing the preparation steps needed to do before launching the products in the domestic market. As discussed during our meeting, I have also made recommendations tailored specially to your business’s need. The report provides background to the company and industry as well. Benefit and features of the product lines are also briefly explained. The report also provides in-depth analysis on the external environment of the market. Other than that, recommendations on product strategy, promotional strategy, pricing strategy and distribution strategy are included in the report. The information†¦show more content†¦Marketing plan contains of marketing objectives and strategies for segmentation, target markets, positioning, and marketing mix (Kotler Armstrong, 2010, p.78). A clear marketing plan will acts as a proposal for the company to achieve goals. Other than that, a clear marketing plan will also achieve competitive advantage in term of cost leadership, and the differentiation of new or existing products and services (Keetch, n.d.). With a marketing plan, the company will know the pricing of the competitors, thus the company will try to reduce the cost of the product and lower the price in order to compete with competitors. Through differentiation strategy, company will distinguish their own products by increasing the quality of the products or making improvement towards the product to gain competitive advantage. The drawback of marketing plan is marketing plan will lead to wrong decision making (Bellis, n.d.). Wrong analysis of the data and wrong interpretation in marketing plan will lead company to a wrong decision making. A wrong decision making will cause company a huge loss in term of monetary and also market share. Moreover, there is insufficient information regarding LEGO in the Malaysian market. Most of the information available refers to the situation or example in the westernShow MoreRelatedNew Trends That Are Becoming Popular As A Marketing Tool2897 Words   |  12 Pagesthe world. If required, extended research can be done on the effect of trends on economy status of countries and forecast of tourism in the future. 2. Trend One 2.1. Trend Description: Social media use by resorts as a marketing tool Advertisement, one of the most crucial marketing strategies for any product, is created to put a unique image, attract, and lead the customers to purchase the product. As there has been an enormous improvement in technology, many companies, including hospitality industryRead MoreE Business : The Origin Of Electronic Business1384 Words   |  6 Pagesthe e-business model into practice, such as supply chain management(SCM), customer relationship management (CRM), E-procurement, E-marketing and so on. Nevertheless, a large number of firms failed in e-business. In this essay, four successful e-business case studies will be discussed to analyze the impact of e-business on different large enterprises, namely DHL, LEGO, Dell and Tesco. DHL CASE STUDY DHL is found in 1969 in San Francisco by three founders, Adrian Dalsey, Larry Hillblom and RobertRead MoreEnvironmental Scan1442 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Environmental Scan – Lego and Harley Davidson MGT/498 Strategic Management November 14, 2013 Mario Ducret Environmental Scan – Lego and Harley Davidson Internal and external environments are very important for businesses operating globally due to local and external competitions. Healthy businesses must analyze their internal and external environments in their strategy formulation. Strategic planning requires that an organization must initially scan the environmentRead MoreIndividual Case Project #1. . Lego Case. . . Briana Basilone1607 Words   |  7 Pages LEGO CASE Briana Basilone HR Strategy II Due Feb 22, 2017 â€Æ' LEGO started in 1932, when a father and his sons began designing wooden toys. The idea started out very small, but they ended up becoming one of the biggest toy leaders in the world. Although they are a huge success and known globally today, that does not mean they never encountered roadblocks; they actually ran into quite a few, including competitors, lawsuits, and loss of revenue (Bigus, 2011). Like every company, LEGO brandRead MoreLego a Brand Case Study1364 Words   |  6 PagesMedia and Communication, Pune Brand Management Prof. Atul Tandon Lego Case Study Lego – The way the world plays An Introduction: LEGO Lego) is a privately held consumer product company engaged in the manufacture and distribution of a wide range of toys, video games and online games. A powerful and instantly recognized global brand has been a key feature of Lego’s success. Lego has worked hard to establish this brand through a number of routes. TheRead MoreLego Group, Marketing and Operation Management Report Essays3303 Words   |  14 PagesFOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENT (PART A) LEGO Group Marketing and Operations Management Report Prepared: For: LEGO Group By: Éva Gaà ¡l On: 17 November 2008 Introduction At the request of the LEGO Company, this report advises the company on the expansion of its operation based on market segmentation, appropriate marketing mix, new product design and development, including total quality management for outsourcing new partners. LEGO Group is the fifth-largest toy manufacturer ofRead MoreLego Essay2182 Words   |  9 Pages | | | | | |[LEGO DUPLO MARKETING REPORT] | |[ Read MoreLego Case3687 Words   |  15 Pagesvarious concepts applied by LEGO as a part of the IMC programme 8 (a) POSITIONING STRATEGY AND POSTIOING TACTICS 8 (b) BRAND NARRATIVES 9 (c) BRAND ENCOUNTERS 10 (d) BRAND COVERSATIONS 12 QUESTION 3. Critical evaluation of LEGO’s post 2004 IMC programme 13 CONCLUSION 16 REFERENCES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..............†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..17 INTRODUCTION The LEGO company corporate brand was created in 1932 and for decades it has acted as a strong umbrella brand guiding LEGO through vase internationalRead MoreThe Lego Group : An Organization Essay2453 Words   |  10 PagesOur Organization: The LEGO Group was founded in 1932 and has come a long way in almost 80 years. With such global success in their brand, it was easy to choose an organization to interview that would provide us with the history and tools for analyzation of compensation plans. Below is the mission statement that can be found on the LEGO website: â€Å"The ambition of this Event Manager role is to upgrade event quality, establish comprehensive event concept, and support to establish event toolbox asRead MoreLego Group3549 Words   |  15 PagesProject definition: LEGO is one of the largest companies in Denmark and a company with a very strong brand. But even so, their economy fell apart in 2003-2004 and we are interested in what they did wrong and what they did to turn their significant loss around to a profit in 2005. So our problem is: What caused LEGOs financial problems in and what did they do to turn it around? This is very relevant, because it shows how even one of the biggest brands in a market can’t afford to relax in any aspect

Summary of the Biography of Edgar Allan Poe Free Essays

Biography of Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Poe was born in Boston on January 19, 1809. That makes him Capricorn, on the cusp of Aquarius. When Poe was 6, he went to school in England for 5 years. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of the Biography of Edgar Allan Poe or any similar topic only for you Order Now He learned Latin and French, as well as math and history. He later returned to school in America and continued his studies. Edgar Allan went to the University of Virginia in 1826. He was 17. Edgar Allan had no money, no job skills, Edgar went to Boston and joined the U. S. Army in 1827. He was 18. He did reasonably well in the Army and attained the rank of sergeant major. In 1831, Edgar Allan Poe went to New York City where he had some of his poetry published. He submitted stories to a number of magazines and they were all rejected. Poe had no friends, no job, and was in financial trouble. In 1835, Edgar finally got a job as an editor of a newspaper because of a contest he won with his story, â€Å"The Manuscript Found in a Bottle†. Edgar missed Mrs. Clemm and Virginia and brought them to Richmond to live with him. In 1836, Edgar married his cousin, Virginia. He was 27 and she was 13. As the editor for the Southern Literary Messenger, Poe successfully managed the paper and increased its circulation from 500 to 3500 copies. Despite this, Poe left the paper in early 1836, complaining of the poor salary. In 1837, Edgar went to New York. He wrote â€Å"The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym† but he could not find any financial success. He moved to Philadelphia in 1838 where he wrote â€Å"Ligeia† and â€Å"The Haunted Palace†. His first volume of short stories, â€Å"Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque† was published in 1839. Poe received the copyright and 20 copies of the book, but no money. Poe found himself without a regular job once again. He tried to start a magazine called The Stylus and failed. He won a hundred dollars for his story, â€Å"The Gold Bug† and sold a few other stories to magazines but he barely had enough money to support his family. Often, Mrs. Clemm had to contribute financially. In 1844, Poe moved back to New York. Even though â€Å"The Gold Bug† had a circulation of around 300,000 copies, he could barely make a living. He and his family moved to a small cottage near what is now East 192nd Street. Virginia’s health was fading away and Edgar was deeply distressed by it. Virginia died in 1847, 10 days after Edgar’s birthday. After losing his wife, Poe collapsed from stress but gradually returned to health later that year. On September 27, Poe left Richmond for New York. He went to Philadelphia and stayed with a friend named James P. Moss. On September 30, he meant to go to New York but supposedly took the wrong train to Baltimore. On October 3, Poe was found at Gunner’s Hall, a public house at 44 East Lombard Street, and was taken to the hospital. He lapsed in and out of consciousness but was never able to explain exactly what happened to him. Edgar Allan Poe died in the hospital on Sunday, October 7, 1849. Quotes from Edgar Allan Poe â€Å"It will be found, in fact, that the ingenious are always fanciful, and the truly imaginative never otherwise than analytic. † – from â€Å"The Murders in the Rue Morgue† â€Å"It is more than probable that I am not understood; but I fear, indeed, that it is in no manner possible to convey to the mind of the merely general reader, an adequate idea of that nervous intensity of interest with which, in my case, the powers of meditation (not to speak technically) busied and buried themselves, in the contemplation of even the most ordinary objects of the universe. † – from â€Å"Berenice† How to cite Summary of the Biography of Edgar Allan Poe, Essay examples

Confucianism And Taoism Essay Example For Students

Confucianism And Taoism Essay The Chinese people have three main traditions in their history- Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. I am going to be talking about Confucianism and Taoism. Both of these date back to the Sixth Century B.C. The traditional founder of Taoism is Confucius and Laozi. On top of many other things Confucius was a very influential speaker. Throughout time, his teachings, and preaching developed into a religion. He spoke to a wide variety of people. Daoist tend to look back to Laozi as their founder. Over centuries, Taoism was transformed from a small religion, very conservative, into a loosely organized religion. During the Second Century B. C., a ruler named Han had the most part in it. A large number of religious groups rose from this because of the social and political disorder. One of these groups named the Yellow Turbans in eastern China., fought Han in 184 B.C. Han lost authority and power, and his generals became warlords. Then, in Western China, a group known as the Way of the Celestial Masters came into power. From the Second Century B.C., Taoists and others believed it was possible to find an elixir which would make them immortal. An elixir is a sweetened alcoholic medicinal preparation, but back in ancient philosophy it was thought to be for changing base metals into gold, or for prolonging life. Research flourished because of this belief. But the chief ingredient, cinnabar, was found to be poisonous. Many imperial deaths ensued from this. But this was not the only way to achieve immortality back in ancient times. Another belief said that a man would have to acquire 108 women to get granted 10,000 years of life. For more than 2,000 years, Chinese, Japananese, and Korean people have lived in cultures that were greatly influenced by the thoughts of Confucius. Confucius saw himself as an ordinary man doing a good deed for a diverse group of cultures. He taught his fellow human beings moral behavior and good family relationships. He thought that they are the keys to a well-ordered society. People valued his opinions and teachings very much and followed them in every day life. Confucius himself avoided talking about religion, but at the same time recognized the importance of worshipping his ancestors. He believed that he was not guided by religion, but by a higher power called heaven. Confucius lived at a time when China was changing. A lot of the traditions that everyone had lived by were long gone and they had moved on to new things, but not Confucius, he still believed in the traditions of old and still preached them. Most of the traditions had been written down and would later be the center of Confuciuss teachings. Proceeding Confuciuss death his followers preserved his thoughts and ideas for the next three centuries to come. Confucius had some followers that preached his works, too. Among these, were Mencius and Xunzi. They spread Confuciuss ideas while at the same time elaborating on them. Mencius studied Confucians understanding of mortality. He believes that seeds of goodness were in everyone, but at the same time there had to be developed properly. On the other hand, Xunzi believe that everyone was not good and that everyone didnt practice good behavior. He believed that they needed Confucius to guide them with his teachings. Confucianism and Taoism were a very big and important part of the ancient world and there traditions. Bibliography: .

The War of the Worlds Is a Masterpiece of Suspense and Thrilling Essay Example For Students

The War of the Worlds Is a Masterpiece of Suspense and Thrilling Essay His amazing knowledge of space and the unknown, combined with a wild imagination, given incentive by the creatures around him, gives the threat of a space invasion more plausible then it would without the knowledge and creativity. Since he is a scientist, his factual evidence backing up his imagination gives it a more realistic outcome, as more intense. We know that what he is saying is true, that it does have meaning and that makes us more into the story than a totally fictional story, involving aliens. HG Wells also spends a lot of time describing the Martians in depth. He probably does this to make the whole thing more plausible. To improve the plausibility that an attack from Mars could happen, he adds in a motive for the Martians to attack Mars. He tells us that the Martians have gone on in time now, explaining the superior knowledge, but this also means that their planet is soon doomed and they will be looking for a nice new place to stay. Since the Martians are basically the same as humans in that they come from a planet similar to ours, Earth would be at the top of their Command and Conquer list. We will write a custom essay on The War of the Worlds Is a Masterpiece of Suspense and Thrilling specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now He gives us the impression at the beginning of the book that the Martians are far more superior to the humans. The humans are described as blinded by his vanity and vain, while the Martians are described as having intelligence greater than man. The humans are studied keenly by the Martians from their distant planet of Mars. When he withholds certain information, such as his wife, it builds up certain tension. He does it again when he describes the Martians. We already know that the Martians have landed, and have started the quest to conquer the world, but you would normally expect a description of a character as soon as he/she/it enters the picture. H.G. Wells withholds the information on the Martians until a couple of chapters after we have met them. We can use our own imagination to have a guess at what the Martians are like but as they are the main characters of the book and they are not earthly, we have a natural instinct as humans to try and find out what they are really like. David McKay His false sense of security, give to the humans in The Thunderchild, create tension. We dont know if the humans are going to have their first successful offensive manoeuvre on the Martians, or if they are about to get roasted by the heat ray, just as many of their fellow race have. We find out in the end that their fate was tragic as the final Martian and the ship disappear under a cloud of smoke. You would normally associate smoke with destruction, eeriness and mystery. The ship has gone and taken with it the lives of more humans. Throughout most of the book it seems that the narrator, HG Wells, is looking on at the experience from the way he talks. There is minimal speech during the whole book and when it does occur there is not much of it anyway. This gives it a cinematic feel and, as if you are sitting back and watching these events unfold as you read them. It also gives a broader view of what is going on. This is one way that can add to the suspense of the events unfolding. He gives hints away during the novel of how the Martians can be defeated. He repeats the point that, as unearthly as the Martians may be, they are still as mortal as man. He hints in places that because of their equal vulnerability to man, a virus or bacteria of some kind can defeat them. He says Micro-organisms, which cause so much disease and pain on earth, have either never appeared on Mars or Martians sanitary science eliminated them years ago. The normal reader would probably over look this, as he wouldnt know that the Martians died from bacteria and that is how they were defeated. .u528c7cb548d805ce6d675a6c74da6fff , .u528c7cb548d805ce6d675a6c74da6fff .postImageUrl , .u528c7cb548d805ce6d675a6c74da6fff .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u528c7cb548d805ce6d675a6c74da6fff , .u528c7cb548d805ce6d675a6c74da6fff:hover , .u528c7cb548d805ce6d675a6c74da6fff:visited , .u528c7cb548d805ce6d675a6c74da6fff:active { border:0!important; } .u528c7cb548d805ce6d675a6c74da6fff .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u528c7cb548d805ce6d675a6c74da6fff { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u528c7cb548d805ce6d675a6c74da6fff:active , .u528c7cb548d805ce6d675a6c74da6fff:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u528c7cb548d805ce6d675a6c74da6fff .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u528c7cb548d805ce6d675a6c74da6fff .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u528c7cb548d805ce6d675a6c74da6fff .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u528c7cb548d805ce6d675a6c74da6fff .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u528c7cb548d805ce6d675a6c74da6fff:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u528c7cb548d805ce6d675a6c74da6fff .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u528c7cb548d805ce6d675a6c74da6fff .u528c7cb548d805ce6d675a6c74da6fff-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u528c7cb548d805ce6d675a6c74da6fff:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dover Beach EssayTension is created in the chapter entitled Death of the Curate. After the author and narrator, HG Wells, accidentally kill the Curate we see that a Martian is moving into his position. We do not know if the Martian is going to get him or what. The suspense of when the tentacle leaves but then renters, builds up the tension again and so this chapter is full of suspense and tension, and HG Wells manages to convey this in his writing.

Cg Intro essays

Cg Intro essays There have been many experiments done on depth of processing and the self reference effect. The Depth of Processing model of memory maintains that how deep something is encoded into a person's memory depends on using certain types of processing. This relates to the self reference effect because it is believed that people have the tendency to remember something better when they can relate it to themselves. People who can personally relate to something have the tendency to embed it deeper into their memory. Craik and Tulving did a series of experiments on the depth of processing model. They had participants use a series of processing methods to encode words at different levels; shallow, moderate, and deep. The subjects were shown a series of words and ask questions about the words that would provide a "yes" or "no" response. At the shallow level they were asked questions about whether or not the word was written in capital letters. At the moderate level of processing, the subject was asked questions as to whether or not two words rhymed. Finally, the subjects were asked about words in sentences and whether or not they fit. This was the deep level of processing. After participants had completed the task they were then given a surprise recognition test with the words that they were just asked questions on (target words) and then words that they have never seen before (distraction words). The results of the experiment showed that people remembered the words better that were at d eeper level of processing (Craik and Tulving 1975). Although there was some criticisms about the above experiment, Craik and Tulving performed more experiments each time refining the D.O.P. model. There were thoughts that the structural tasks were easier and not as much time had to be spent on them therefore people did not have as long to look at those words and could not study them like the other tasks. Craik and Tulving then made the structural ...

Why Dickens Wrote A Christmas Carol

Why Dickens Wrote A Christmas Carol A  Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens is one of the most beloved works of 19th century literature, and the storys enormous popularity helped make Christmas a major holiday in Victorian Britain. When Dickens wrote A Christmas Carol in late 1843, he had ambitious purposes in mind, yet he could never have imagined the profound impact his story would have. Dickens had already achieved great fame, yet his most recent novel wasnt selling well and he feared his success had peaked. Indeed, he faced some serious financial problems as Christmas 1843 approached. Beyond his own worries, Dickens was keenly attuned to the profound misery of the working poor in England. A visit to the grimy industrial city of Manchester motivated him to tell the story of a greedy businessman, Ebenezer Scrooge, who would be transformed by the Christmas spirit. Dickens rushed A Christmas Carol into print by Christmas 1843, and it became a phenomenon. The Impact of 'A Christmas Carol' The book was immediately popular with the public, becoming perhaps the most famous literary work associated with Christmas. It elevated the popularity of Christmas, which wasnt the major holiday we know, and established the idea of Christmas charity toward those less fortunate.Dickens intended the story as a strong condemnation of greed, and the transformation of Ebenezer Scrooge provided a popular optimistic message.Scrooge became one of the most famous characters in literature.Dickens himself became associated with Christmas in the public mind.A Christmas Carol was transformed into stage plays and later films and television productions. Career Crisis Dickens had achieved popularity with his first novel, The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, which was serialized from mid-1836 to late 1837. Known today as The Pickwick Papers, the novel was filled with comic characters the British public found charming. In the following years Dickens wrote more novels: 1838: Oliver Twist1839: Nicholas Nickleby1841: The Old Curiosity Shop1841: Barnaby Rudge Dickens reached literary superstar status with The Old Curiosity Shop, as readers on both sides of the Atlantic became obsessed with Little Nell. An enduring legend is that New Yorkers eager for the next installment would stand on the dock and yell out to passengers on incoming British packet liners, asking if Little Nell was still alive. Preceded by his fame, Dickens visited America for several months in 1842. He didnt much enjoy his visit, and he put his negative observations into a book, American Notes, which alienated many American fans. Dickens was offended by American manners (or lack thereof), and he restricted his visit to the North, as he was so offended by slavery that he wouldnt venture into the South beyond a foray into Virginia. He paid attention to working conditions, visiting mills and factories. In New York, New York, he exhibited his keen interest in the poorer classes by visiting Five Points, a notorious slum neighborhood. Back in England, he began writing a new novel, Martin Chuzzlewit. Despite his earlier success, Dickens found himself owing money to his publisher, and his new novel was not selling well as a serial. Fearful that his career was declining, Dickens desperately wanted to write something that would be very popular with the public. A Form of Protest Beyond his personal reasons for writing A Christmas Carol, Dickens felt a strong need to comment on the enormous gap between the rich and poor in Victorian Britain. On the night of Oct. 5, 1843, Dickens gave a speech in Manchester, England, at a benefit for the Manchester Athenaeum, an organization that brought education and culture to the working masses. Dickens, who was 31 at the time, shared the stage with Benjamin Disraeli, a novelist who would later become Britains prime minister. Addressing the working-class residents of Manchester affected Dickens deeply. Following his speech he took a long walk, and while thinking of the plight of exploited child workers he conceived the idea for A Christmas Carol. Returning to London, Dickens took more walks late at night, working out the story in his head. The miser Ebenezer Scrooge would be visited by the ghost of his former business partner, Marley, and also the Ghosts of Christmases Past, Present, and Yet to Come. Finally seeing the error of his greedy ways, Scrooge would celebrate Christmas and give a raise to the employee he had been exploiting, Bob Cratchit. Dickens wanted the book to be available by Christmas. He wrote it with astonishing speed, finishing it in six weeks while also continuing to write installments of Martin Chuzzlewit. Countless Readers Touched When the book appeared, just before Christmas, it was immediately popular with the reading public as well as with critics. British author William Makepeace Thackeray, who later rivaled Dickens as a writer of Victorian novels, wrote that A Christmas Carol was a national benefit, and to every man or woman who reads it, a personal kindness. The story of Scrooges redemption touched readers deeply, and the message Dickens wanted to convey of concern for those less fortunate struck a deep chord. The Christmas holiday began to be seen as a time for family celebrations and charitable giving. There is little doubt that Dickens story and its widespread popularity helped Christmas become established as a major holiday in Victorian Britain. Popularity Has Lasted A Christmas Carol has never gone out of print. Before the decade ended, it was adapted for the stage, and Dickens performed public readings from it. On Dec. 10, 1867, The New York Times published a glowing review of a reading of A Christmas Carol Dickens had delivered at Steinway Hall in New York City: When he came to the introduction of characters and to dialogue, the reading changed to acting, and Mr. Dickens here showed a remarkable and peculiar power. Old Scrooge seemed present; every muscle of his face, and every tone of his harsh and domineering voice revealed his character. Dickens died in 1870, but  A Christmas Carol lived on. Stage plays based on it were produced for decades, and eventually films and television productions kept the story of Scrooge alive. Scrooge, described as a tight-fisted hand at the grindstone at the beginning of the tale, famously snapped Bah! Humbug! at a nephew who wished him a merry Christmas. Near the end of the story, Dickens wrote of Scrooge: It was always said of him, that he knew how to keep Christmas well, if any man alive possessed the knowledge.

Memoir - texting while driving Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Memoir - texting while driving - Essay Example The American national traffic highway reports that about ten million US drivers use their cell phones when driving. Consequently, there has been high number of accidents that happen every day in US and the world as a whole. Consequently, there have been many deaths being reported from such accidents. Even the most experienced drivers are not safe from distraction by their cell phones while driving. It is so painful to lose souls of innocent persons from the ignorance of few drivers failing to observe driving safety precautions. Distracted driving has been identified by the national highway security management as a critical issue that leads to many accidents. Such driving is attributed to have caused more than three thousand deaths in the year 2011 (Richard 2014). According to Richard 2014, distracters in driving include, looking away from the road while driving, texting and reading text messages when driving. From my experience in driving, no one would have expected I could have caused an accident. Surprisingly, an experienced driver had caused a minor accident and got away with it. In the last 20 years, road accidents used to be caused by abuse of drugs and alcohol. My experience in driving dates more than twenty years ago. Consequently, one could say that I represent some of the many keen drivers in the country. Nevertheless, I used to check my emails and texts when driving my car, and nothing had happened until some time back last year. I was driving down the streets of Texas in a sunny day. As usual, my cell phone was notifying me when a text just came in. In the next 5 seconds, I just realized that I had hit something before me. My mailbox costed me four hundred dollars to pay for the damage I had caused. I was just lucky not to have hit another car or a playing child. I wanted to make a phone call telling my neighbors that I had done it, but I thought it would be worse making him know that I have caused

Land Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Land Law - Essay Example If she however failed to make the necessary enquiries then she remains to be bound by the lease agreements.2 Mr. Wood claims to have a lease interest that was executed under deed. A purchaser’s legal obligations over a lease under deed are determined by legality of the deed. If the deed is legal then registration of the interest in the property is considered. In such a case, the deed must have been legally or properly constituted. The lease is legally binding under common law if Mr. Wood can prove that the deed was properly constituted.3 Otherwise, the purchaser’s obligation to to be bound by the lease will be determined under the doctrine of equity4 . Under this approach, Wood would need to prove that the agreement was in writing and was correctly registered.5 If this was the case, then the existing lease will bind Henrietta on ground of registered notices. The underlying principle of the written and registered agreement is that a purchaser of a registered property is supposed to make a search over all third party rights that are attached to the property before proceeding with the purchase. Failure to make the search and a subsequent existence of a right binds the purchase. If the lease was not registered then Henrietta is not bound by the agreement this is because unregistered interest on registered property is considered as null and void.6 Annabelle claims that she made a share contribution to the purchase of the property sold by Fred. The first factor is Henrietta’s enquiry to find out if such claim was registered.7 If the claim was not registered then it can only be enforced under equity. The case can therefore be considered based on property held under trust. Rights due to trust can be overreached if the the purchase price is paid to more than one trustee. Under such a circumstance, the purchaser is not bound by any claim of ownership by a third party, as the purchase price is sufficient under overreaching principle.8 Payment of the p urchase price to one trustee however introduces the doctrine of overriding interest in the case. For this to be applicable, Fred’s grandmother must prove that she was in occupation of the property at the time of sale. If occupation can be successfully proved then the grandmother’s right over the land binds Henrietta. However, failure to prove interest or occupation in the property at the time of sale protects Henrietta from the grandmother’s claim.9 Mohamed has warned Henrietta against carrying out constructions on a portion of the purchased land on the basis of a restrictive covenant with a former owner. Restrictive covenants are not enforceable under law and would be interpreted in line with the doctrine of equity. In order to determine the legal position of Mohamed’s claim, circumstances under which the covenant was created as well as the nature of the created rights will be evaluated. Since covenants create interest in land, the next factor to be cons idered in determining Henrietta’s liability over the covenant is registration of the right created by the covenant. If the agreement was duly registered, then Henrietta has no legal option but to honour the terms of the covenant as was created between Mohamed and the former property owner. A different scenario would however be witnessed if the covenant was not duly registered.10 Failure to meet requirements under the registration deprives Mohamed of any legal claim over the covenant. In such a case, under which restrictive coven

Poppers Theory Of Falsifiability And Kuhns Theory Of Paradigms Philosophy Essay

Poppers Theory Of Falsifiability And Kuhns Theory Of Paradigms Philosophy Essay Compare and contrast Poppers Theory of Falsifiability and Kuhns Theory of Paradigms. What are the implications of each for the conduct of Social Science? Poppers theory of falsifiability and Kuhns theory of paradigms have some significant differences, although they both argue for falsification as the general research method for all scientific disciplines. Accordingly, the consequences for the approach in the Social Sciences differ as well. The overall statement of this essay will be that Poppers theory allows a more aim-oriented research, which means that one has (theoretically) the chance to solve social problems intentionally. The scientist has the opportunity to gather objective knowledge about the equally objective social reality. In Kuhns view this is not possible, since any research and knowledge is subjective, it is influenced by the scientists paradigm. But here, a scientist can interpret social behaviour on a large scale and from within a specific world view, a way that is not open for Popper. The opportunity to find the truth about social reality comes at the expense of explanatory power. In order to show these implications it is necessary to point out the aspects of both theories relevant for this analysis, contrasting their common starting point and highlighting the differences that are substantial for the analysis of their application in the Social Sciences. Possibilities and Limits for Scientists in Kuhns and Poppers Theories The relevant aspects for this comparison of Poppers and Kuhns theories are best displayed if they are contrasted within the categories of ontology, epistemology and methodology. Since both of the theories are highly comprehensive, a more detailed division would probably not do them justice. But these broad categories allow a sufficient contrast for the proposed argument and lead up to the necessary insights about the notions of scientific progress that the theorists have respectively. For Popper, an objective reality exists that can be observed (Popper 1963: 226). As a scientist with the proper understanding of science though it is never possible to be absolutely certain that one has definitely found this reality, this absolute truth (Popper 2002 : 24). Most of the scientific statements are relative; they constitute hypotheses, and are therefore by their very form not expressions of absolute truth (Popper 1962: 221). Likewise, Kuhn is convinced of the existence of an objective reality, a truth, but unlike Popper he does not believe in the possibility to describe it, to discover it at all. Any knowledge about this reality is subjective, is shaped by the social context, by the individual socialisation of the scientist (Kuhn 1963: 120). It is already at this point that Kuhns idea of paradigms has to be introduced, which emphasizes the centrality of this notion for the entire theory. Kuhns paradigm is a vague concept; it can best be described as covering a range of fa ctors in scientific development including or somehow involving laws and theories, models, standards, and methods (both theoretical and instrumental), vague intuitions, explicit or implicit metaphysical beliefs (or prejudices). In short, anything that allows science to accomplish anything can be a part of (or somehow involved in) a paradigm. (Shapere 1980: 29) It is a deeply psychological concept with a highly unconscious nature which explains the difficulty defining it, let alone in analyzing its impact on science. For Kuhn, these paradigms are the beginning of what he calls normal science (Kuhn 1963: 42f.). It is only with such a paradigm that a scientist has enough fundamental orientation in his discipline to begin real scientific work (Kuhn 1963: 79). It cannot be emphasized enough that the scientists are unaware of having these paradigms. It is not something that they deliberately chose, rather it is something they acquired through a process of socialization (Kuhn 1963: 47f.). This clearly describes the communal nature of a paradigm (original italics, Eckberg and Hill 1980: 122). Therefore, a scientist will always see the objective reality through the subjective glasses of his paradigm. As to the epistemology, the pure method of falsification faces the problem of an infinite regress; if falsification is applied to every scientific statement, the research would not lead anywhere. Popper and Kuhn both carry on the tradition of science as it has been established by Positivism. Nevertheless, they are also aware of the question about theory-neutrality in research and the said problem of infinite regress, but they give different answers to this dilemma. Popper introduces the notion of background knowledge (Popper 2002: 25), which is such basic knowledge without which the scientist would not be able to conduct research in his discipline. Nevertheless, it is as provisional as any knowledge, and is potentially falsifiable just as any scientific statement that deserves the name (Popper 2002: 65). The basic knowledge is therefore an individual, subjective choice made by the scientist, but it is a deliberate and conscious one (Lakatos 1970: 105; Popper 2002: 85; Popper 1963: 24 5) which cannot be said about the paradigm. This does equally provide a useful solution to the problem of an infinite falsification, but one that is adopted unconsciously, since it is linked so closely to the actual conception of reality shared by the scientific community. A deliberate commitment to basic knowledge contrasts an involuntary commitment to a paradigm (Kuhn 1963: 97). In this regard, the incommensurability of paradigms has to be mentioned (Smith 1998: 195; Lakatos 1970: 93). Paradigms can be compared to a religious belief held by scientists, and its psychological nature does not allow holding two paradigms simultaneously (Keat and Urry 1982: 62; Kuhn 1963: 93; 151). It is no exaggeration that the process of a paradigm change is described as revolutionary (Kuhn 1963: 91ff.). We therefore have the result of a socialization process against an individual, conscious choice. Kuhn as well as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾emphasize [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] the intimate and inevitable entanglement o f scientific observation with scientific theory (Kuhn 1970: 2). But whereas in Poppers belief this entanglement can be influenced by the scientist, it is determined and beyond any deliberate change intended by an individual in Kuhns world. With regard to the methodology, Popper emphasizes the logic of science, that science and specifically social science is defined by the chosen method, and not by its results (Popper 1962: 218). Falsification is applied to the theory or rather the hypotheses to be tested, not to the background knowledge (for the time being). The choice is subjective (and is therefore reflecting values), but it is deliberate and rational and therefore acceptable. In Kuhns theory however, paradigms provide the research frame, and falsification works within it but is never applied to this frame (Kuhn 1963: 80). Successful falsification provides problems to be solved within the paradigm; they are like pieces to a puzzle which is in its entirety unknown (Wolin 1980: 170). According to Kuhn, there is no logic of science (Shapere1980: 30), only interpretation within a given paradigm is possible. If there is no paradigm, the scientists work on establishing one, so as to start with normal science. During a cris is that leads to a paradigm change, contradicting facts and the new paradigm are developed simultaneously (Kuhn 1963: 96, 140; Kuhn 1970: 10). The results of such a falsification process within the paradigm therefore is exactly what Popper calls the sociology of knowledge (Popper 1962: 220), a socially constructed and determined knowledge, precisely what he tries to evade. These aspects of ontology, epistemology and methodology lead to the notions about the possible progress that science can achieve. For Popper, knowledge is cumulative, since falsification is also a method that helps to refine theories (Popper 2002: 24). Whether it is the adjustment or reformulation of a theory after a successful falsification, or the resistance of a theory to the tests, both results are considered to be an improvement (Popper 1963: 245). Although the theory in the latter case might not be true, it is scientifically superior to those already falsified. The continuous formulation and rejection of theories as well as the work on new problems with reformulated theories is all considered to be a (cumulative) development of knowledge (Popper 1963: 215, 222; Popper 1962: 221). For Kuhn on the other hand, there is no general progress of cumulative knowledge, only a change of paradigms over time (Kuhn 1963: 156). New paradigms are adopted because the scientific community consi ders it to have greater potential for the new (albeit only vague, in their entirety unknown) problems to be solved. They have an essentially rational factor, and seem to be more useful for future research (Keat and Urry 1982: 169). But paradigms are exclusive, not derived from one another (Smith 1998: 195). Since knowledge is so closely connected to them, any growth of knowledge cannot objectively be ascertained (Kuhn 1970: 20f.). At the most, a form of progress can be observed within the workings of normal science, during the process of puzzle-solving (Dogan 2001: 11025). But there is no progress in the sense of coming closer to the truth (Keat and Urry 1982: 169). Different Connections between Theory and Observation: Consequences for the Social Sciences This contrast highlights the most important aspects of Kuhns and Poppers theories that are relevant to analyze the consequences that both approaches have for the Social Sciences respectively. Both imply individual restrictions as well as possibilities for them and in Poppers case the theory imposes even a normative duty on the scientist. He argues for a unity of science concerning the methods, which means that the procedure of formulating hypotheses and subjecting them to tests of falsification should be applied in the Social Sciences just as in any other (Stokes 1997: 58). It is a method that best supports the aim of objective research, trying to prevent the scientist from adopting a narrow, selective perception that only discerns proofs for the own theory but not its failures. All Science is fundamentally characterized by the method applied (Popper 2002: 29). But for Popper, Social Science specifically should be characterized by something else; by the ethical awareness every research project ought to have (Stokes 1997: 69). Before this is explained in greater detail however, it must be emphasized that such a normative component is of course not derivable from the objective facts describing Poppers theory. No normative responsibility can be derived from an actual condition. But Poppers theory allows it, and the cons equences from his falsificationist approach for the Social Sciences are largely dominated by this obligation. Apart from the question whether one agrees with him, his argument also points out the consequences for the Social Sciences and his theory in general, and it is an essential part of his approach. Popper demands a fundamentally practical orientation in the Social Sciences, any research project should contribute to the solution of social problems of their time. He also argues for more ethical awareness in the Social Sciences; in this case he is a child of his time. This attitude comes from experiences with totalitarianism and fascism (Stokes 1997: 57). But what is important in this context is that Popper therefore agues for the individual influence of scientific as well as extra-scientific values: His argument is that the individual choice of the scientist does not only expand on values such as scientific precision or intersubjectivity of research findings, as it is reflected by the choice for falsification as a method and by the choice for falsifiable, but for now untested background knowledge. It also applies to the scientists aims, to the problems he chooses to investigate. Broadly speaking, any research should eventually try to reduce human suffering (Stokes 1997: 60). Even if one does not agree with Poppers demand here, it highlights the opportunities open to a scientists according to his theory. Knowledge is cumulative, so the scientist has the possibility to take a conscious part in this accumulation of knowledge about the (objective) social reality (Popper 1962: 221). This objective reality can be the focus of research since it is possible to gather knowledge about it. Even the most fundamental assumptions or convictions, the background knowledge, can be questioned and altered. Any social influence on our knowledge can eventually be evaded, indirectly, by the choice of falsification as a method and by unconventional or for its time unusual choice of research topics. The scientist has not only the opportunity to discover the objective social reality, he can (and in Poppers view must) also endeavour to define the social problems of his time and propose solutions for it. This emphasis on the objective social reality as the focus and the denial of any socially constructed limits of the research has even further implications. There are abstract as well as tangible objects in Social Science. Its scientists are engaged in analyzing social problems, general phenomenons or dynamics, things that have an undeniably abstract nature. On the other hand though it is the individual who is identified as the causal unity of these phenomenons, it is the objective, observable reality which has to be the center for any hypotheses or theory that fulfills the criteria of falsifiability. A theory that has a holistic character and applies to the abstract objects of social reality itself cannot meet the standards for intersubjective testing, for an experiment to be repeated and tested over and over again (Popper 1962: 218). So while the eventual aim is of course to understand the dynamics and causes of abstract constructs in social reality, its research is restricted to th e individual. On the one hand, Poppers scientist can therefore consciously choose his object of research, can be specifically aim-oriented, and is therefore not limited to a purely explanatory role. On the other hand, it is impossible for him to consciously work within a specific, personal belief about the social reality that he never questions during his research (Popper 1962: 212). Explanations within the belief systems like Marxism or elitism that intend to explain social reality within this frame are therefore not possible, since these beliefs do not fulfill the standards of permissible background knowledge. A last remark has to be made on Poppers view about the Social Sciences. It is exactly against the perceived dangers of such social frames that he argues for the publicity of Science (Stokes 1997: 74; Popper 1962: 217f.). To complete the standards of critical research, to guarantee that intersubjectivity and falsifiability are adhered to the results (and the method) of research have to be published. The critical appraisal by other scientists is needed to establish the highest possible objectivity. The strength of Poppers approach lies therefore in the fact that the scientist has more free will in choosing his objectives, and that this choice also implies a normative choice. This is the consequence of Poppers particular connection between theory and observation, that science is not value-free, neither on the level of aims nor when it comes to its method, but these values are acceptable as long as they are a conscious choice. For a scientist in Kuhns approach though this choice is made for him by the paradigm. In the case that there is no paradigm yet, scientists have not even entered the stage of real scientific progress of their discipline; they have not yet started with normal science (Kuhn 1963: 79). According to Kuhn, this is exactly the case for the Social Sciences (Kuhn 1970: 6; Wolin 1980: 169). But even if the Social Sciences had already acquired a paradigm in Kuhns definition, such aim-oriented research like Popper proposes it would not be possible. The scientist would of course have an objective for his research, but he cannot claim to have chosen it objectively, let alone having done so out of the normative conviction to ultimately discover and evade any social aspect to his research and knowledge. This social influence that the scientist is unaware of is but the starting point for real research, also in the Social Sciences. Some consider the different schools within Social Sciences as paradigms, although this contradicts the unconscious character of a paradigm according to Kuhns interpretation. It is argued that overarching concepts such as paradigms built on more solid ground in the natural sciences than in the social sciences, because in the former truth is universal, in the latter, contextual. (Dogan 2001: 11026) If paradigms are going to appear in the Social Sciences, they will only be realized in the narrow form of different schools that are not characterized by incommensurability, but by mutual avoidance (Dogan 2001: 11024). Even though this idea does not realize all characteristics of a paradigm, its example is most useful here. The Scientist does of course not enjoy the freedom that he has in Poppers view. He is exposed to the norms of his school and he has to realize that even an approach that he considers to be most revolutionary and unconventional is probably still within the boundaries of th is school. For the rare case that such deviant behavior should happen despite the deep socialization of the individual scientist, then the paradigmatic community will not tolerate it and most likely simply ignore his findings (Wolin 1980: 167f.). It is not possible for an individual to deliberately convince all the members of this specific attitude to change it radically. Such change is incremental and therefore happens only gradually (Wolin 1980: 175). But then he can explain the social reality from this particular point or belief system. He has possibilities for explanation that are unavailable for a scientist in Poppers theory. It is not without coincidence that Marxism is considered to be such a powerful school in Social Science that it comes close to what Kuhn describes as a paradigm (Dogan 2001: 11026), a school that is given as one of the typical examples (Popper 1962: 212) of the social bias and subjectivity that has to be avoided according to Popper. Intersubjectivity is a therefore an important value for Kuhn as well as for Popper, but whereas this scientific value only applies within the paradigmatic community for Kuhn, for Popper it is precisely the means to evade such influence. The social reality that is always perceived subjectively can therefore be thoroughly explained and described from within these world views, and the progress scientists make with this kind of research is relatively substantial, since they can accept more easily the findings of their colleagues. They can interpret behavior, specific social rules, and are not restricted to describe individual behavior like Popper. But this advantage in explaining social phenomena therefore comes at the price of aim-oriented research such as it is possible in Poppers view. The puzzle-solving process during normal science is after all defined by the fact that the bigger picture of the puzzle is unknown (Wolin 1980: 170). Accepting a paradigm and work within its boundaries is compared to a kind of religious change (Lakatos 1970: 93). The scientist cannot make its structures visible, not on purpose at least. He has to rely on the intangible dynamic that characterizes normal science. He has only the possibil ity to choose scientific values, and even that only to a limited extent (Kuhn 1963: 17). He also has to accept that there are possibly some social problems or facts of the objective social reality that does, after all, exist that he does not perceive at all due to his paradigm. And if the Social Science is truly without a paradigm so far, the stage of normal research where a form of progress is finally possible has not even begun. Conclusion Both Poppers theory of falsification and Kuhns theory of paradigms assume the existence of an objective social reality and are convinced of the merits of falsification as the acceptable method for its research. They are equally considering the problem of theory neutrality in the Social Sciences as well as continuing the tradition of Positivism that does not see a fundamental difference for science within its different disciplines. Nevertheless, Kuhn and Popper differ in their opinions about the acceptable solution to this question about theory-neutrality, about the relation between theory and observation. Poppers ontology and epistemology demand potential falsifiability for all scientific statements in order to discover this objective truth and evade the pitfalls of the subjective bias. What he considers to be the absolute fall of science is only its beginning in Kuhns view. Only paradigms, unconscious social frameworks, allow progressive research, and any knowledge about reality mus t be subjective. The consequences of Poppers view for Social Sciences in particular consist in the possibility to deliberately work on the social problems of the time, and in the conviction that the any social fact can eventually be discovered. It comes at a reduced ability to explain social phenomena holistically and from within a specific worldview that cannot be operationalised into falsifiable hypotheses. This is exactly what a researcher in Kuhns world can do, albeit at the expense of the said advantages Poppers scientist has.